Articles

LIHTC Program: An Impactful Affordable Housing Financing Resource

As renters face a national shortage of 7 million low-income rental homes, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program is pivotal in helping to close the affordability gap for renters. It is the nation’s most significant resource for affordable apartment housing construction, which gives state and local agencies approximately $10 billion in annual budget authority to issue tax credits for affordable housing development.

Articles

FHFA Loan Caps for 2025: What Multifamily Borrowers Need to Know

The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) announced a $3 billion boost to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac’s volume cap for loan purchases in 2025 to $146 billion ($73 billion for each agency). This increase in FHFA loan caps for 2025 aligns with industry expectations, given the anticipation of improving market conditions and lending activity expected in a lower interest rate environment. Next year’s cap for the Government-Sponsored Entities (GSEs) is an increase of approximately 4% from the $140 billion limit set for 2024.

Analysis

U.S. Multifamily Market Snapshot — November 2024

The U.S. multifamily market held steady in a more normalized cycle through the first three quarters of 2024, following its skyrocketing recovery from the pandemic-related contraction. Rental demand remained strong, driven by the continued nationwide housing shortage and strong wage growth, while the high levels of new construction seen over the last two years appears to have peaked.

Current Reports

Small Multifamily Investment Trends Report Q4 2024

Small multifamily’s normalization pushed forward last quarter as the Federal Reserve made a long-awaited reduction to the target federal funds rate. Arbor’s Small Multifamily Investment Trends Report Q4 2024, developed in partnership with Chandan Economics, shows signs of stability have multiplied. Robust rental demand, a limited supply of quality affordable housing, and several other promising developments should support the subsector’s strength heading into 2025.

Analysis

Top U.S. Multifamily Rent Growth Markets — Q3 2024

The U.S. multifamily market held steady in a more normalized cycle during the third quarter of 2024. Rental demand remained strong, while new leaders emerged among the top markets for rent growth.

Articles

Top Markets for Wage Growth in 2024

One of the most essential factors multifamily investors need to consider before executing a transaction is the health of the local labor market. Wage growth and other trends are driven by a delicate, constantly adjusting balance of labor supply and demand. In some markets, an inflow of employers can cause wages to spike. In others, population outflows can create the same effect. In this deep dive, we expand on the data findings from the 2024 Top Markets for Multifamily Investment Report, exploring the unique conditions driving metro wage growth trends.

Press Contact

Press Contact If you are a member of the media and would like to arrange an interview with one of our knowledgeable multifamily and commercial real estate finance executives or if you have general media questions about Arbor, please contact us at [email protected] or through the below form.   Fill out the form to reach our press team.  

Current Reports

Top Markets for Multifamily Investment Report 2024

With interest rate pressure easing, quality multifamily investment opportunities have emerged from coast to coast, making identifying the optimal location essential. A roadmap for investors, Top Markets for Multifamily Investment Report 2024, developed in partnership with Chandan Economics, ranks the top 50 metropolitan markets found through an analysis of 10 key factors, including affordability, population growth, and climate risk.

General: 800.ARBOR.10

Home | Research | Research Reports | Single-Family Rental Investment Trends Report Q1 2022

Single-Family Rental Investment Trends Report Q1 2022

Cap rates hold steady as valuations accelerate into Spring 2022

Key Findings

  • Annual rent growth for lease renewals reaches 7.8% — a new all-time high.
  • Cap rates rise to 5.6% as cashflows strengthen.
  • First-quarter SFR securitizations are up more than double from last year.

Table of Contents

State of the Market

Performance Metrics

Supply & Demand Conditions

Outlook

Download PDF

State of the Market

With wind in its sails, the single-family rental (SFR) sector continued to gain positive momentum in the first quarter of 2022. With the costs of homeownership rising alongside mortgage rates, SFR’s growing role as the new U.S. starter home continues to cement.

 

The sector’s decade-long trend of institutionalization has accelerated over the past year. According to John Burns Real Estate Consulting, more than $50 billion of institutional capital is currently moving through the SFR sector. In the CMBS market, SFR issuance reached a record $16.6 billion in 2021 — nearly doubling 2020’s total of $8.9 billion, according to Finsight. In the first quarter of 2022, SFR CMBS issuance reached $3.7 billion, rising 124% above the total observed in the first quarter of 2021 (Chart 1).

chart 1
The demand for single-family housing in the U.S. increased throughout the pandemic, while access to homeownership did not. With conventional 30-year mortgage rates reaching above 5% in April, the monthly debt servicing costs on new home loans are nearly twice what they were in early 2020 Further, according to the Mortgage Bankers Association, lending standards are about 30% tighter today than they were in early 2020. Additionally, the Federal Reserve’s ongoing tightening cycle, which is expected to cool many parts of the economy, will increase mortgage borrowing costs — a development that will push some would-be buyers into the rental market. On balance, the SFR sector is well-positioned to see continued growth in 2022 as cyclical forces play in its favor, and underlying demand for single-family housing remains strong.

Performance Metrics

Originations

According to a Chandan Economics analysis of Fannie Mae data, a lending source for mostly non-institutional borrowers, refinancing, instead of acquiring, has accounted for the significant majority of recent originations to single-family investors. In 2020, refinancing activity accounted for 71.0% of tracked originations (Chart 2). In 2021, the refinancing share dropped slightly to 69.9%. While the change from 2020 to 2021 was marginal, on a quarter-to-quarter basis, the shifts were anything but. The refinancing share of lending activity declined every quarter throughout the year, reaching a high of 77.7% in the first quarter and sinking all the way to 60.1% in the fourth. Notably, term/rate refinancings declined by 4.4 percentage points in 2021, and 26.8 percentage points between the first and fourth quarters — a sign that investors were locking into low-interest rates early last year ahead of the Federal Reserve’s

monetary tightening.

chart 2

Occupancy

As measured by the U.S. Census Bureau, occupancy rates across all SFRs averaged 94.9% in the first quarter of 2022, rising by 10 basis points (bps) from the fourth quarter of 2021 (Chart 3). The first-quarter reading brings the SFR occupancy rate within 40 bps of its generational high — indicating that the sector is operating at or near full potential occupancy.

chart 3

Rent Growth

Single-family rent growth remained robust entering 2022, even as the pace of increase on newly signed leases has started to slow. According to DBRS Morningstar, vacant-to-occupied (V2O) annual rent growth accelerated to an unprecedented high of 17.1% in July 2021 in what can be best described as a recalibration of market pricing (Chart 4). Since then, V2O rent growth slowed in five of six months, reaching 11.5% in the latest reading. Even as momentum has slowed, the current pace of rent increases remains well above the pre-pandemic pattern. Between 2015 and 2019, V2O rent growth averaged 3.3% — a baseline that the January 2022 data point outperforms by a weighty 816 bps.

chart 4

For lease renewals, annual rent growth hit another all-time high in January 2022, reaching 7.8%. Between 2015 and 2019, SFR renewal rent growth consistently ranged between 3.3% and 5.0%. Since February 2021, SFR renewal rent growth has topped the 5.0% mark in 12 consecutive months of observations.

 

Surging lease renewal rent growth is best categorized as a market response to the growth in V2O prices. When setting rents for existing tenants, many landlords will consider three primary, interconnected criteria:

  • What the unit could rent for on the open market
  • Probability of tenant renewal
  • Anticipated length of vacancy if a tenant does not renew

 

When a landlord identifies a unit to be underpriced and perceives that it will be rented again quickly in the event of a vacancy, they are more likely to pursue a sizable rent increase on the next lease. With V2O rent growth topping renewal rent growth for 22 consecutive months, lease-over-lease rents should be expected to accelerate over the short term as prices re-establish an equilibrium.

 

Analyzing rent growth at the market level, unsurprisingly, the Sun Belt has maintained its dominance. According to CoreLogic’s Single-Family Rent Index (SFRI), annual rent growth across the top 20 U.S. metros through February was highest in Miami, Orlando, and Phoenix, climbing by 39.5%, 22.2%, and 18.9%, respectively. All of the tracked Sun Belt metros saw rent growth totals above 10.1% in the year ending February 2022.

Cap Rates

Property-level yields for SFR assets ticked up in the first quarter of 2022, rising by 34 basis points to settle at 5.6% (Chart 5).1 The first-quarter observation marks the first time that SFR cap rates have risen since the onset of the COVID-19 recession.

chart 5

While growing cap rates may concern operators, the reason why yields are rising carries much greater importance. The first-quarter rise is attributable to strengthening net operating incomes achieved through higher rents— not a devaluation of assets. Historically, single-family rent growth has lagged inflation by several months. Rent rolls, which take a full year to reset, are currently still adjusting to the bull-run of home prices experienced in 2021. This lagged adjustment is creating an anticipated catch-up period where property incomes are rising more quickly than valuations, causing upward pressure on cap rates.

 

The yield spread between SFR cap rates and the 10-year Treasury estimates the SFR risk premium. Despite growing SFR yields in the first quarter of 2022, this risk spread narrowed as the yield on Treasurys rose by a more significant 42 bps. In total, the risk premium sank 8 bps from the previous quarter to land at 3.7% — the lowest level since late 2018. Moreover, the risk premium is down by a weighty 70 bps from one year ago (Chart 6).

chart 6
The cap rate spread between SFR assets and multifamily properties widened by 35 bps in the first quarter of 2022, settling at 84 bps — within one basis point of where they were this time last year. Over the past decade, SFR-multifamily cap rate spreads have narrowed from a high of 496 bps in 2012 to the sub-100 bps levels observed today. Increased liquidity and tech adoption have allowed the SFR sector to operate more efficiently over the past decade, generating a bid-down of its risk premium. Over the long term, some positive yield differential between SFR and multifamily assets remains likely — accounting for the co-location efficiencies and shared physical inputs.

Pricing

According to a Chandan Economics analysis of Fannie Mae securitized mortgages, there are material differences between the average assessed property values on mortgages originated to single-family owner-occupants versus single-family investors. The average underwritten value of a single-family investment property in 2021 averaged $367,926 compared to $405,844 for owner-occupied units (Chart 7).

chart 7

Several likely factors contribute to this valuation gap, one being that many investors are targeting value-add assets rather than paying top dollar for value that already exists. Additionally, investor-owned SFR properties have vacancy, turnover, and management-related expenses that owner-occupied units do not have to account for, contributing to lower values for the rental units. Nevertheless, the gap has narrowed dramatically over the past decade.

 

Between 2004 and 2011, the valuation gap sat in a consistent range of 27.2% to 32.5% (Chart 8). As more investors and capital entered the SFR space, discounted investment units became harder to find and competition for inventory ramped up. The valuation gap fell to an all-time low of 5.4% in 2017 before moderating in the years since. In 2021, the average valuation gap averaged 9.3% — a marginal 16 bps decrease from the 2020 average.

chart 8
Credit Trends Loan-to-value ratios (LTVs), a measure of credit risk on SFR mortgages, kicked off 2022 by rising 56 bps, landing at 66.1% (Chart 9). After sinking by 328 bps during 2020, LTVs quickly recovered back to pre-pandemic levels by mid-2021. The first-quarter 2022 observation marks the highest LTVs have sat in the sector since first-quarter 2018.
chart 9
Debt yields, another key measure of credit risk, rose by 33 bps during the first quarter of 2022, to settle at 8.7% (Chart 10). The increase marked the end of a streak of debt yield declines that had stretched to seven-consecutive quarters. The slight increase in debt yields translates to SFR investors securing marginally less debt capital for every dollar of property-level net operating income (NOI). Through the first quarter of 2022, SFR debt declined to $11.45 for every dollar of NOI, a $0.45 decrease from the prior quarter, yet still up by $1.43 from this time last year.
chart 10

Supply & Demand Conditions

Residential Default Rates

During the 2008 housing crisis, investors with available financing took advantage of the market dislocation, acquiring large portfolios of single-family assets at steep discounts. According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), mortgage default rates peaked at 8.1% in 2012, leading to an abundance of distressed sales and the beginning of the SFR sector as we know it today (Chart 11).

chart 11
The pandemic had a much different impact on the housing market than the Great Recession. Demand for single-family housing increased, causing prices to rise through the distress. Between growing asset prices and federally directed forbearance, homeowner defaults remained uncommon during the pandemic. Default rates hit a pandemic high of 2.5% in the fourth quarter of 2020 — just 74 bps above its all-time low. As of the fourth quarter of 2021, single-family default rates declined for four consecutive quarters, settling at 2.0%.

Build-to-Rent

Purpose-built SFR properties, known as build-to-rent (BTR) communities, continue to become a defining feature of the SFR sector, especially within the institutional slice of the market.


Based on an analysis of Census Bureau data, between 1975 and the start of the prior recession in 2007, BTRs accounted for a little less than 2.0% of all single-family construction starts (Chart 12). In 2013, BTR’s percentage share of construction starts reached an all-time high of 5.8%, and through the fourth quarter of 2021, the share remained elevated at 4.5%. BTR construction starts totaled 51,000 units through the end of 2021, a 15.9% growth rate from a year earlier and a new all-time high. While these construction totals represent significant market growth, they are also like to be understated.

chart 12
The reason why the initial BTR estimate may be understated is that the single-family construction starts data does not include units that have been started and sold to SFR operators (build-for-rent or BFR). In a recent Arbor-Chandan analysis, Chandan Economics estimates that the total number of SFR construction starts over the past year may be as high as 90,000 through the fourth quarter of 2021 (Chart 13).
chart 13

Tracking Demand

Utilizing Google Trends, the popularity of the search term “homes for rent” can be leveraged as a proxy for hotspots of SFR demand. Savannah, GA, was the most popular area where the term was searched during the first quarter of 2022, dethroning another Georgia metro, Macon, which had seen the highest search frequency in the previous period (Table 1).

table 1
The Sun Belt continues to be the region driving new SFR demand, with the southeast corner of the country standing as a tightly-packed epicenter. All of the metros in the top 10 are located in just five states: Georgia, Tennessee, South Carolina, Alabama, and North Carolina. Among the reasons why the Sun Belt continues to attract new residents and SFR demand, affordability, lower taxes, and warmer weather all top the list.

Outlook

The SFR sector had a marquee year in 2021. Early indications are that it will continue to post impressive growth totals in 2022 — even as some of the pandemic-related tailwinds are exhausted. According to the John Burns Real Estate Consulting Single-Family Rental Market Index, a diffusion index where a reading above 50 indicates improving conditions, momentum has slowed. The index has declined in two-consecutive quarters through the end of 2021, falling from 84.4 to 71.5. Two of the index’s sub-components, occupancy, and current leasing conditions, have declined for three consecutive quarters. Still, all sub-components and the overall index remained above 50, signaling improving conditions across the board. All told, the immediate outlook for the SFR sector remains firmly positive. According to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York 2022 SCE Housing Survey, just 42% of renters think they will buy a home in the next three years — down from 52% when surveyed last year. The SFR sector is well-positioned to absorb both lifestyle renters and a growing wave of forming families that are priced out of homeownership, creating a dependable bedrock of demand for the year ahead.
Download PDF

For more single-family rental research and insights, visit arbor.com/blog

arbor.com/sfr
833.578.0312
1 Unless otherwise noted, the Chandan Economics data covering single-family rental cap rates, loan-to-value ratios, and debt yields are based on model estimates and a sample pool of loans. Data are meant to represent conditions at the point of origination.
Disclaimer All content is provided herein “as is” and neither Arbor Realty Trust, Inc. or Chandan Economics, LLC (“the Companies”) nor their affiliated or related entities, nor any person involved in the creation, production and distribution of the content make any warranties, express or implied. The Companies do not make any representations regarding the reliability, usefulness, completeness, accuracy, currency nor represent that use of any information provided herein would not infringe on other third party rights. The Companies shall not be liable for any direct, indirect or consequential damages to the reader or a third party arising from the use of the information contained herein.